{"id":12223,"date":"2024-08-06T15:28:15","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T15:28:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aavn.edu.vn\/?p=12223"},"modified":"2025-03-13T09:34:55","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:34:55","slug":"ren-luyen-tu-duy-phan-bien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aavn.edu.vn\/vi\/ren-luyen-tu-duy-phan-bien\/","title":{"rendered":"8 C\u00e1ch R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n T\u01b0 Duy Ph\u1ea3n Bi\u1ec7n Hi\u1ec7u Qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (Critical Thinking)<\/strong> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn logic th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0: t\u1ea1i sao, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc, nghe, n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u1edf tr\u1ebb<\/strong>, ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 8 c\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. T\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 \u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec sao?\u201d hay \u201cC\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?\u201d Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Khi tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

2. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch quan\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng tin, so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn. Khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

3. T\u1eadp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/strong>. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/strong> hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap con ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac lo l\u1eafng \u1edf b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau: Gi\u00fap Con Qu\u1ea3n L\u00fd S\u1ef1 Lo L\u1eafng<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n

4. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p khi tranh lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tranh lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Tr\u1ebb n\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u1edf l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin trong vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf trong tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

5. \u0110\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 “Thinking, Fast and Slow<\/em>” c\u1ee7a Daniel Kahneman hay “Critical Thinking<\/em>” c\u1ee7a Richard Paul v\u00e0 Linda Elder cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/strong> hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn logic \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Duy tr\u00ec th\u00f3i quen n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\"5.
H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

6. N\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp<\/strong><\/h2>\n

K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Khi giao ti\u1ebfp, tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

7. Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ebb n\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111a chi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

8. Trau d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Tr\u1ebb n\u00ean tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u0103n ho\u00e1, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,… gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c: C\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ec3 T\u1eadp Trung H\u1ecdc: B\u00ed Quy\u1ebft R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n D\u00e0nh Cho H\u1ecdc Sinh<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Kh\u00f4ng
C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb t\u00edch l\u0169y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ba m\u1eb9 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n cho con?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 5 c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/strong> sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n